Islamic civilization

“It appears from the preserved curricula of the University of Louvain that the books of Al-Razi and Ibn Sina were the relied upon references by professors at that university until the early seventeenth century. Reinforcement came from Arab Andalusia, which provided Europe with its greatest reference in surgery and orthopedic surgery, the book “Al-Ta’rif li-man ‘ajaz ‘an al-Tasrif” (The Definition for Those Unable to Contort) by Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas. It was printed in Latin in the fifteenth century, and before its publication, it was a popular textbook among professionals, who relied on it for surgical procedures, particularly bladder opening and stone removal.”

– Studies in Islamic Civilization (pp. 303-304)